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"This book explores the influence of justice principles in the field of health care law. By examining the role played by key stakeholders, it tracks the evolution of distributive norms for the allocation of healthcare resources in western welfare states. The issue of justice in the field of health care is becoming more central, with concerns over access, cost and provision. Recent reforms such as Obamacare in the United States and NHS Social and Care Act in the United Kingdom have seen increased pressure on governments to find just and equitable solutions to the problem of healthcare provision. This book addresses the fundamental question of what role justice should play in the allocation of services in the field and offers a more optimal model for their distribution"--

Medical policy. --- Medical economics.

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Medical imaging equipment industry. --- Medical instruments and apparatus industry

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A health care executive at Harvard explains how to become a savvy consumer and get the value we all deserve for our health care spending. This book navigates and demystifies the confusing world of health care shopping. Readers go on a guided tour inside American health care to learn why it is so messy, and who is invested in keeping it that way. The text offers a new vision of how health care could work if it were truly designed to meet consumer needs, creating a call to action on how to demand and help create such a system. A wake-up call to an industry tenuously holding on to the status quo and ripe for true disruption, this book outlines what consumers can do themselves and demand from doctors, hospitals, health plans, and policy makers to get more for their health care spending and, in so doing, reshape the health care system into one we all deserve. Using real and compelling consumer stories intertwined with expert analysis, this book illustrates why it is so difficult to act as an engaged health care consumer in the United States and pulls back the curtain to expose the forces that hold the system in place.

Patient education --- Consumer education --- Medical care --- Medical care, Cost of

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This book introduces the classical and modern image reconstruction technologies. It covers topics in two-dimensional (2D) parallel-beam and fan-beam imaging, three-dimensional (3D) parallel ray, parallel plane, and cone-beam imaging. Both analytical and iterative methods are presented. The applications in X-ray CT, SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography), PET (positron emission tomography), and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) are discussed. Contemporary research results in exact region-of-interest (ROI) reconstruction with truncated projections, Katsevich's cone-beam filtered backprojection algorithm, and reconstruction with highly under-sampled data are included. The last chapter of the book is devoted to the techniques of using a fast analytical algorithm to reconstruct an image that is equivalent to an iterative reconstruction. These techniques are the author's most recent research results. This book is intended for students, engineers, and researchers who are interested in medical image reconstruction. Written in a non-mathematical way, this book provides an easy access to modern mathematical methods in medical imaging. Table of Content:Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Tomography1.1 Tomography1.2 Projection1.3 Image Reconstruction1.4 Backprojection1.5 Mathematical ExpressionsProblemsReferencesChapter 2 Parallel-Beam Image Reconstruction2.1 Fourier Transform2.2 Central Slice Theorem2.3 Reconstruction Algorithms2.4 A Computer Simulation2.5 ROI Reconstruction with Truncated Projections2.6 Mathematical Expressions (The Fourier Transform and Convolution , The Hilbert Transform and the Finite Hilbert Transform , Proof of the Central Slice Theorem, Derivation of the Filtered Backprojection Algorithm , Expression of the Convolution Backprojection Algorithm, Expression of the Radon Inversion Formula ,Derivation of the Backprojection-then-Filtering AlgorithmProblemsReferencesChapter 3 Fan-Beam Image Reconstruction3.1 Fan-Beam Geometry and Point Spread Function3.2 Parallel-Beam to Fan-Beam Algorithm Conversion3.3 Short Scan3.4 Mathematical Expressions (Derivation of a Filtered Backprojection Fan-Beam Algorithm, A Fan-Beam Algorithm Using the Derivative and the Hilbert Transform)ProblemsReferencesChapter 4 Transmission and Emission Tomography4.1 X-Ray Computed Tomography4.2 Positron Emission Tomography and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography4.3 Attenuation Correction for Emission Tomography4.4 Mathematical ExpressionsProblemsReferencesChapter 5 3D Image Reconstruction5.1 Parallel Line-Integral Data5.2 Parallel Plane-Integral Data5.3 Cone-Beam Data (Feldkamp's Algorithm, Grangeat's Algorithm, Katsevich's Algorithm)5.4 Mathematical Expressions (Backprojection-then-Filtering for Parallel Line-Integral Data, Filtered Backprojection Algorithm for Parallel Line-Integral Data, 3D Radon Inversion Formula, 3D Backprojection-then-Filtering Algorithm for Radon Data, Feldkamp's Algorithm, Tuy's Relationship, Grangeat's Relationship, Katsevich's Algorithm)ProblemsReferencesChapter 6 Iterative Reconstruction6.1 Solving a System of Linear Equations6.2 Algebraic Reconstruction Technique6.3 Gradient Descent Algorithms6.4 Maximum-Likelihood Expectation-Maximization Algorithms6.5 Ordered-Subset Expectation-Maximization Algorithm6.6 Noise Handling (Analytical Methods, Iterative Methods, Iterative Methods)6.7 Noise Modeling as a Likelihood Function6.8 Including Prior Knowledge6.9 Mathematical Expressions (ART, Conjugate Gradient Algorithm, ML-EM, OS-EM, Green's One-Step Late Algorithm, Matched and Unmatched Projector/Backprojector Pairs )6.10 Reconstruction Using Highly Undersampled Data with l0 MinimizationProblemsReferencesChapter 7 MRI Reconstruction7.1 The 'M'7.2 The 'R'7.3 The 'I'; (To Obtain z-Information, x-Information, y-Information)7.4 Mathematical ExpressionsProblemsReferencesIndexing

Medical sciences. --- Basic medical sciences --- Basic sciences, Medical --- Biomedical sciences --- Health sciences --- Preclinical sciences --- Sciences, Medical --- Life sciences --- Medicine

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Medical informatics. --- Clinical informatics --- Health informatics --- Medical information science --- Information science --- Medicine --- Data processing --- Medical informatics